VOlUME 05 ISSUE 03 MARCH 2022
1Nwafor Alphonsus Onyeacholam2 Umeh Lucy Chinwe,3 Ojiego Winifred Chinaemerem
1Department of Political Science Education Godfrey Okoye University, Thinkers Corner Enugu
2Department of Pol Sci & International Relations, Godfrey Okoye University, Thinkers Corner Enugu
3Department of History/International Studies, Godfrey Okoye University, Thinkers Corner Enugu
Google Scholar Download Pdf
Abstract
This study examined the role of an international Agency (USAID) and Democratic Election; A Prognosis to the role of Security Personnel in Nigerian 2015 Elections. USAID and other international Agencies have relentlessly assisted both the emerging and consolidating democracies such as Nigeria, in conducting free and fair elections via provision of some forms of technical assistance so as to achieve credible elections and ensure improved governance but in spite of all these, events and happenings from developed democracies and across the globe have shown that the vitality of election security to the credibility of elections cannot be ignored because the conduct of free and fair elections to a large extent depend on the security system available in the country. This study anchored on Elite theory propounded by Paredo and Gaetano with descriptive qualitative method of data collection and Content analysis. It discovered that the fact that consistently undermined democratic consolidation in Nigeria is the varying degrees and measures of electoral violence so it therefore recommends that impartial and unbiased security agencies should be recruited for each election in order to prevent the reoccurrence of electoral violence during each election.
KEYWORDS:Election, Democratic, International Agency(USAID), Security, Electoral Violence.
REFERENCES
1) Adele J. Comparative analysis of security challenges of elections in Nigeria: In Olurode and Jega (Ed.)SecurityChallenges of Election Management in Nigeria; Friedrich Ebert Stifung; 2011.
2) Adekanye B, Iyanda R. Security challenges in election management in Nigeria: An overview. In Olurode and Jega (Ed.) Security Challenges of Election Management in Nigeria; Friedrich Ebert Stifung; 2011.
3) Aniekwe C, Kushie J. Electoral violence situational analysis: Identifying hot spots in the 2011 general elections in Nigeria. Abuja: NAPEN Nigeria: Friedrich Ebert; 2011.
4) Brym RJ, Lie J. Sociology. Your compass for a new world. 2nd Ed. Belmont: Cengage Learning; 2010.
5) Cleen Foundation. Securing elections in Nigeria Report of the Observation of the Conduct of Security Officials during the 2011 Elections; 2011.
6) Hounkpe M, Gueye AB. The role of security forces in the electoral process: The case of six West Africancountries. Abuja, Fredrich Ebert Stiftung; 2010
7) Olurode and Jega (Ed.) Security Challenges of Election Management in Nigeria; Friedrich Ebert Stifung; 2011.
8) Alvarez,R. M , Lonna,R.A., & Thad, E. (2012). Evaluating elections: A handbook of methods and standards, New York: Cambridge University Press.
9) Birch, S. (2011). Electoral malpractice. Oxford University Press
10) Carter, E. & Farrell, D. (2009). Electoral systems and election management. Comparing democracies: Elections and voting in the 21st century
11) Iwara, E. I. (2010). Elections and electoral matters in Nigeria since independence in Bello-Imam LB (ed.). 50 years of the Nigeria project: Challenges and prospects, Ibadan: college Press
12) Katz, R. S. (2004). Problems in electoral reform. Why the decision to change electoral systems is not simple. In H. Milner (Ed), Steps towards making every vote count: Electoral System Reform in Canada and its provinces, Peterborough: Broadview Press
13) Kerevel, Y. (2009). Election management bodies and public confidence in elections: Lessons from Latin America: William and Kathy democracy studies fellowship paper.
14) Lopez-Pinter, R. (2000). Electoral management bodies as institutions of governance. New York: UNDP
15) Norris, P. (2014).Why electoral integrity matters. New York: Cambridge University Press
16) Powell, G.B. (2000). Elections as instruments of democracy: Majoritarian and proportional visions. New Haven: Yale University Press
17) Varma, S.P. (1975). Modern political theory, New Delhi: VIKA’s Pub. House PVT Ltd
18) Adeniran, E (2016) The Smart card reader and 2015 General elections in Nigeria Dol: 10.20940/JAE/2016/Vl5i2a4. Journal of African Elections.
19) Agbaje, A., & Adejumobi, S. (2006). Do Votes Count?, the travails of Electoral Politics in Nigeria, Africa Development, 31(3), 25-44.
20) Agbo, H. N., & Okoli,R. C.(2016). Election Management and disenfranchisements in 2015 General Elections in Nigeria : The unexplored issues. InternationalJournal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences, 9(1), 78.
21) Babayo S., Mohd A.M., & Bakri, M. (2018).Nigerian 2015 general election: The successes, challenges, and implications for future general elections. The Asian Institute of Research, Journal of Social and Political sciences, 1(2), 183-204.
22) Chinsinga, B. (2006). Lack of Alternative leadership in Democratic Malawi. Some related issues of 2004 General Elections. Journal of Nordic African Studies.
23) Ejue, B. J, & Ekanem, S. A.(2011). Voter rights and credible election in Nigeria. The Imperative of pre-thinking the content of citizenship education. InternationalJournal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(19).
24) Ekundayo, W. J. (2015). A critical evaluation of Electoral management bodies in Nigeria and the perennial problem of electoral management since independence in 1960. International Journal of public administration and management research, 2 (5), 49-54.
25) Idowu A. O.,& Ayinde A. F. (2016). Nigeria’s 2015 elections: Permanent Voter’s card, Smart Card readers and Security Challenges. Journal of African Elections, 15(12).
26) Ituma, S.O.,& Chukwu A.G. (2017). Multi-party politics and electoral violence in 2015 general elections:A study of Ebonyi State. South-East political science review, 1(1).
27) Lehcouq, F.E. (2003). Electoral fraud: Causes, types and consequences, Annual review of political science, 6, 233-56
28) Luqman, S. (2007). Electoral institution and the management of the democratization process, the Nigerian Experience. Journal of Social Sciences, 21(1), 59-65.
29) Metumara, D.M.(2010). Democracy and the challenges of ethno-nationalism in Nigeria’s fourth republic. Interrogating institutional mechanics. Journal of Peace Conflict and Development.
30) Oboziobodo, S. I.(2015). INEC and the conduct of Elections in Nigeria: An Appraisal of the 2007 General Elections. European Scientific Journal, 11, 31.
31) Oboziobodo, S.I.(2013). The Independent National Electoral Commission and election management in Nigeria: An Appraisal of the 2007 general elections. Unpublished PHD Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, Enugu State University of science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria.
32) Osabiya, B.J.(2014). Nigeria and democratic elections. Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Governance in Africa , 2, 3.
33) Sheriff G., Abdullahi N., & Kabir M., (2015). The 2015 general elections: A review of major determinants of paradigm shift in voting behaviour and political participation in Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies,2(9), 8-16.
34) Yakubu A.S, & Ali A. M.(2015). Election and voting pattern in Nigeria: A study of 2015 governorship Election in Bauchi State. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 6(11),52-59.